labor_court

Are you a salaried employee or self-employed ?

Moshe

Are you a salaried employee or self-employed ?

There is a huge difference ! Not only in the benefits you are entitled to, but in regard to your responsibilities. No, I am not talking about your social benefits or your salary. I am talking about Social Security (or Bituach Leumi as it is known in Israel). Before you say that of course you know what your status is, I suggest you read this post through to the end. It may have some eye-opening surprises for you that can have serious impact on you, financially.

Many people own companies or are suppliers of services as self-employed. There are people who work legitimately as salaried employees, and some do a little of both.
Others have start-ups they run from home: anything from selling things, to doing work over the computer, whether it be building internet sites or translating work, or whatever.  It is this last group that this post is targeting.

First, it is important to understand that while both self-employed and salaried employees pay Social Security, the rates are different and so is the coverage for various stipends as well as the base amounts for the stipends.

If you are considered by Bituach Leumi to be self-employed, but you are reported on a company’s payroll (not a placement or manpower agency), that fact does not make you a salaried employee. What counts is your actual status. Bituach Leumi, by law, can change a person’s status one-sidedly and even retroactively ! As a result of such a change they can demand back payment at the rates that existed for self-employed persons ! If you received in the past, during the said changed period, a stipend from Bituach Leumi, your eligibility for that stipend may be re-evaluated and even disallowed.

Recently, a verdict was released by the labor court in a case of “stage and communication ltd” and others vs. Bituach Leumi (case # 5062/06). Bituach Leumi one-sidedly changed the status of certain “employees” in the company. The company and the employees filed suit in labor court contesting the change.
The court, asked the simple basic question “did employee-employer relations exist between certain employees who were on the company’s payroll as salaried employees and reported as such ?”. The verdict explicitly stated that there were no such relations and these “employees” should have been reported as self-employed for all purposes.

The Judge stated in his verdict the following: “The model of employment, which all of the plaintiff companies involved in the suit, used was in actuality a front. These companies only designation was to relieve self-employed people from the burden of managing their affairs with the tax authorities and the defendant (Bituach Leumi). There is no relationship or connection between the plaintiff companies and the services the employees, who were reported as salaried workers, provided to the recipients of the services. The only reason the employees were on payroll as salaried employees was to avoid having to manage their affairs with the authorities.”

This is a precedent setting, important verdict, the first of it’s kind, in a very lengthy case.

This is how you can check yourself to see if you qualify as a salaried employee or as a self-employed person

Answer the following questions truthfully. If your answer to any of these questions is negative, this very well could mean that you are self-employed:

1. Is there someone who arranges your schedule at work ?

2. Is there someone at work who assigns or re-assigns you to a project/position ?

3. Is there someone at work who has the power and authority to fire you and terminate your job ?

4, Is there someone at work that you need to request vacation leave from ? Or to notify regarding tardiness, sick days, reserve army duty, etc  ?

5. Is there anyone at work who supervises your work and you report to as a superior ?

6. Is there any type of time-sheet reporting and follow-up for your work hours and days ?

and if your answer to any of these questions is positive this very well could mean that you are self-employed:

7. Do you decide which clients/ jobs to accept and which to reject ?

8. Do you negotiate with clients the price they will pay or determine the cost for jobs ?

9. Are your wages implemented by sharp up and down changes due to the cash inflow that you receive from third parties ? And as a result is it difficult to point out your monthly base pay ?

10. Is payment of your wages delayed until the amount is received in full from a third party ? (not paid on a set date)

If the answer to these questions is negative, chances are you are not eligible to be a salaried employee. You need to register as a self-employed individual at your local Bituach Leumi office in order to ensure your rights. Don’t wait for them to rescind your salaried employee’s rights retroactively. More information can be found on Bituach Leumi’s website:  www.btl.gov.il

This is not something to be taken lightly !

How and where to file a complaint on infringement of labor laws

Moshe

In case of suspicion of violation of labor laws, one can file a complaint with the regulation and enforcement administration of the Ministry of Labor and social affairs Ministry (which has been incorporated into the Ministry of Economics).

It is important to stress that during the filing of a complaint, it may be requested that the complaint remain anonymous and during investigation the employee’s details will not be revealed.

Filing a complaint with the regulation and enforcement administration is

    not in place of a filing a suit in labor court.

In general, complaints are meant to be the cause of an investigation into the allegations, which if found to be substantial can lead to fines and usually will ensure correction of this behavior in the future by the employer. It has been found to be effective in deterring employers from continuing to disregard the law regarding employee’s rights, this due to extensive fines, in recurring cases, and even imprisonment for the CEO / owner, as well as prosecution of offending employers, who if found guilty will have a criminal record !
The names of all fined employers is on the Ministry’s website for all to see:

http://economy.gov.il/Employment/WorkRights/WorkRightsEnforcement/FinancialSanctions/Pages/default.aspx

As stated clearly on the Ministry’s website: The process of a complaint and ensuing investigation against an employer is not meant to turn back the clock and make things right, nor is it meant to award the complaning employee any form of compensation, statement or monetary award, but rather to bring the employer to comply with the existing labor laws, avoid violation of other labor laws or recurring violations of the same nature. During the course of the procedure the employee will be contacted by an employment inspector who will take a statement from the employee, which serves as a basis for legal proceedings against the employer. During such proceedings the employee may be called upon to testify before the court. (If the complaint was filed anonymously, the employee can ask that his testimony be given secretly).

To receive his rights an employee may sue the employer in labor court. The ministry of labor and regulation and enforcement administration are not partial to any such lawsuits, nor do they file suits on behalf of employers or employees.

Filing a complaint does not prevent a civil suit and filing a civil suit does not prevent filing a complaint. These are two separate procedures, each with a set purpose.

There are several labor laws that the administration deal with specifically: Women’s employment law, youth employment law, work and rest hours law and employment agencies law.

How to file a complaint

Complaints to the regulation and enforcement administration can be done via one of the following methods:

1. Online (Hebrew only): https://forms.gov.il/forms/Resources/DowloadSetup/AGFormsDownloadToolbar.htm?formid=pikuach21%40moital.gov.il
(works only in Internet explorer – version 11 at least)
2. Email: report.achifa@economy.gov.il
3. Fax: 03-6828690
4. Phone: 03-7347839/40/49/50 or *2570
5. Voicemail: 1800-354-354

You must state: your first and last name, your phone number (for contact purposes), the employer’s details (name, address and tax i.d. number as they appear on your payslip, as well as the Boss’ name and the employer’s phone number) and a short description of the reason for your complaint. Be precise and to the point, no need to elaberate.

In work contracts for “net pay” who gets the new “family net” benefits, employer or employee ?

Moshe

The “family net” plan, or Kachlon law (named after the Finance Minister Moshe Kachlon) which recently went into effect retroactively from January 2017 added tax credit points for parents of children under 5 and made equal the tax credit points for those children given to men and women. The law will be in effect for the tax years 2017 and 2018 only, unless the knesset decides to add in additional years. If not, the tax credits will return to present state in Jan 2019. Everyone knows that employees with regular gross salaries will receive a larger net pay as a result of this law. But what happens when an employee’s work agreement lists his salary as net ? In general, changes that occur to the tax brackets in a net pay salary will lower the employer’s expense by lowering the gross pay and as a result the taxes, while the employee’s net pay remains unchanged.
In general it seems that this is acceptable practice. But in cases where substantial tax benefits are given to employees, such as the 2001 Negev residents tax benefit, the lawmakers intent was to give this benefit to the employees and not to employers of Negev residents. the same would apply here regarding the Kachlon law. A recalculation of the new net pay would need to be done by using the gross pay, pre change and after adding the change configuring the new net pay.

The above is not legal advice nor is it a replacement for seeking such legal advice. It is the professional opinion of the author based on a labor court decision regarding net pay and tax benefits.

Prevention of discrimination in acceptance to a job

Moshe

It is forbidden by law to discriminate against candidates for employment or against employees due to gender, age, religion, nationailty, country of origin, political beliefs. The equal employment opportunities law (1988) requires employers to pick out only relevant information about the candidates for the position they are looking to fill. If anyone is discriminated against they can contact the Equal opportunities commission for initial legal consultation. If the commission feels a case is justified they may take legal action against the offending employer. People who feel they were discrimated against may file a suit in labor court. The Equal opportunities commission contact information is:
The Equal opportunities commission נציבות שוויון
Address: 5 Bank of Israel st. Govt. quarter, Jerusalem כתובת: בנק ישראל 5, קריית הממשלה, ירושלים
Mailing address: P.O. Box 3166 Jerusalem 9103101 ת.ד. 3166, מיקוד
Tel: Tel-Aviv טלפון: ת”א – 03-7347215
Jerusalem ירושלים 02-6662367, 02-6662780
Haifa חיפה – 04-8613902/1
National commission נציבות ארצית – 02-6662701
Email: shivion@Economy.gov.il :דואר אלקטרוני

    Want ads

      A good want ad is one that describes the position and the requirements the employer seeks and encourages job seekers to apply for the position. When an employer places a want ad for a position. It is supposed to give the professional backround required while appealing to the widest range of potential candidates. the language and wording used, as well as any illustrations should reflect this. Avoid using language or wording that applies to one gender, a specific age group, color, ethnic backround, religion, nationality or residents of a certain area(s). Also avoid direct discrimination, such as “wanted: good looking men” or “looking for young woman”. Avoid circumventive discrimination, such as if a postion requires very little verbal communication do not write in the ad “high level command of Hebrew required”.

    Job interviews

Not all questions are legal in a job interview. Personal questions such as “are you pregnant?”, “Do you intend on having more children?”, Aren’t you too old for this job?”, “do you smoke?” are totally illegal and also irrelevant. Employees who are asked illegal questions that do not relate to previous experience and knowledge should be met with a smile and “This question has nothing to do with the position, let’s please keep this interview professional.”
Questions regarding a candidate’s army service or National service – or lack of either, or whether they serve in reserves, what their rank is are also prohibited.
Employers are advised to have more than one interviewer present at job interviews and if possible should be representative of different groups of the population which will usually drastically reduce the chance of any discrimination occurring. Remember that as much as you are screening candidates, they are screening you as well. Keep it professional.

In cases where a candidate feels he/she was discriminated against, it is advisable to consult first with the commission and if necessary with a lawyer who specializes in labor law.

Pension plan contributions for salaried sales employees

Moshe

If you are an employer of salaried employees who work on a base pay with sales commissions or if you are an employee who works in a sales commission job, this is for you:

Joe worked as a sales rep for a company for several years. He resigned his position and sued his employer for payments towards mandatory pension, that were done only from his base pay, without taking into account the sums he earned from sales commissions.

In a recent verdict in labor court (11.2013), the court recognized the fact that sales commissions are a major component of  salary, and as such, they are to be taken into account for pension purposes, as well as severance pay!
This despite the fact that sales commissions are not a set rate or fee, but rather they change monthly, based on the employee’s performance and actual sales. 

 

 

Employer who single-sidedly reduced employee’s salary was forced to pay severance pay

Moshe

The employee worked for a gardening company. Upon recieving his last payslip, he discovered that his daily rate had been reduced substantially !

He contacted the employer, demanding that his daily rate be restored to what it was previously, as no-one notified him of any change and he also did not agree to any such change.

The employer refused on several request attempts by the employee, stating that it was a simple “computer mistake” but the bottom line is the same. As a result the employee resigned his position and sued the employer in labor court, demanding his daily rate be restored, as well as severance pay and social benefits from the full rate and not partial from the new, reduced rate, as the employer calculated.

The employer countered, in his response to the court, that the employee resigned his position and as such is not entitled to severance pay. In addition, the employer requested that the employee pay him for failure to give 30 days advance notice.

The court ruled that relevance of section 11a of the severance pay law, which enables an employee to resign his position and still be eligible for severance pay, is upon the employee.

Basically, the employee was able to prove that the employer single-sidedly reduced his wages, by submitting photocopies of his payslips to the court as evidence.

Reducing salary is considered a “worsening of work conditions” that an employee is not expected to continue working under.

The employer stated to the court that after amendment 24 to the “protection of salary” law in 2008, the employer was instructed by his bookkeepers and legal advisors to itemize all payments on the payslips, instead of the one line – “salary” which was used up until then. The employer “fixed” this by lowering the salary rate and adding other mandatory items seperately, such as travel expense and Havra’a. The court ruled that these other items should have been added in addition to the existing pay and not all inclusive, since the item listed was only salary.

The court awarded the employee full severance pay and the employer was instructed to pay the employee the remainder of his salary (restore the original rate) and the social benefits from the full amount, as well as back pay (from his start of employment) for travel and Havra’a.

It pays for employers to configure payslips properly, according to the law, and avoid such scenarios.

Working hours on Israel’s Memorial Day & Independence Day

Moshe

Memorial Day of Israel’s Fallen soldiers is Monday April 15th, 2013

According to the fallen soldiers law (1963), any employee who is one of the following:
*  parent
*  grandparent
*  spouse
* child
* sibling

of a fallen soldier, is eligible to be absent from work on this day without liability of deduction from pay.

 

Independence Day (Yom Ha’atzmaut)

Israel’s 65 birthday is Tuesday April 16th, 2013

According to the Independence Day law (1959), This is a paid national holiday. This applies to all employers in Israel.

The day prior to Independence Day (Memorial Day or Erev Yom Ha’atzmaut) is a shortened work day, by law.
Employees who work an 8 hour workday, need work only 7 hours.
Employees who work a 9 hour workday, need work only 8 hours.
Places of employment that have a collective or personal agreement, or custom which is more favorable to the employee than the law, these would take precedence.
There is no deduction for missing hours for this day.

To be paid for Independence Day, you need to have at least 3 month’s tenure with your employer and you need to work the day before and the day after Independence day.

Employers that are not included in the list of places that need to operate on a holiday which is published by the Prime Minister’s Office are not allowed to force their employees to work on Independence Day as publicized by the Israeli Labor Court.

Employees who work for an employer who is included in the list, are entitled to 200% for all hours worked from 24:00 (midnight) on Memorial Day until 24:00 on Independence Day.
Payment for Independence Day needs to be itemized separately on the payslip.

 

 

Employee sexually discriminated against

Moshe

The municipality of Petah Tikva started a project for police patrol service via a security company. The service was to operate 24/7 via foot-patrol and motorized patrol.

Noa was invited to an interview and accepted to this position along with 16 others. She was the only female in the group. Noa was slotted in to do only the foot patrol on all her watches. She asked the person in charge of scheduling the shifts to put her on some motor-patrols as well, but was turned down, according to Noa “because people don’t want to see a woman driving a jeep…”

She was requested to pass an internal driving test to show she is capable of “navigating in the area” before she would even be considered for a motorized patrol, even though none of the other employees were required to do so.

Noa submitted a formal complaint to the labor court against her employer demanding 100,000 sh in damages pertaining to non-compliance with the equal opportunity in employment law, loss of income and tarnishing her good name and aggravation.

The labor court issued the following verdict:

The equal opportunity in employment law clearly states in section 2a that it is forbidden to discriminate due to sex, among other things, in accepting a candidate for employment, in training a candidate, in firing an employee, etc.
The law passes over the responsibility to the employer to prove their was no foul play and discrimination in his decision.

The court found that Noa wasn’t scheduled for motorized patrols simply because she is a woman. Also the fact that she was required to take extra tests as opposed to the men. Noa also submitted  taped conversations between herself and her employer to back her claims. The court ruled that this is indeed invalid discrimination and although no monetary damage was proved, the court still believed that this type of behavior needs to be curbed harshly and therefore fined the employer 55,000 shekels.

Recent Change in Law Exempts Non-Monetary Assistance from Court Fees

Moshe

If you submitted a lawsuit in an Israeli Regional Labor Court from February 1, 2009 onward and the court fee you paid included your request for non-monetary assistance (as defined in section 26A of the Protection of Salary Law), you are eligible for a rebate. Continue reading “Recent Change in Law Exempts Non-Monetary Assistance from Court Fees” →

Can an Intern agree to work without pay ?

Moshe

Case 252/07 which was brought before the National labor court and ruled upon on Dec 11, 2007

Facts:
=======
The petitioner worked as an law intern for a law firm for 1 year, from 01/09/1997 – 31/08/1998 and signed a waiver/agreement whereby he agreed to work without pay or benefits for his intern work.

The prosecution sued in labor court for pay and benefits for his work as an intern. The local labor court ruled partially in favor of the intern and ordered the law office to pay the intern, which in turn led to this appeal.

The National Labor court ruled:
===============================
Article 12 of the minimum wage law, 1987, which is a Basic law which cannot be waived or made to be Dependant on other factors. The minimum wage law was meant to prevent employers from taking advantage of groups of workers as well as protect employees from themselves and prevent instances where an employee agrees to work for free because he is in need of a professional mentor.

The court determined that even if an intern agrees to work without pay, despite this “agreement” the employer must pay the intern at least minimum wages. This despite the impression that the employer may have that the employee would be willing to work without pay. Even if the employee didn’t act wholeheartedly, and even if he sued the employer after leaving his position, this cannot demeanor his rights by law.

The court further determined that in a work relationship between a mentor and an intern, the mentor will always have the upper hand. From the outset this is not an equal relationship. The intern is like a student who approaches his master, as the employer oversees his student’s professional manner, guides him and needs to authorize the internship, thereby opening doors to his profession future by allowing him access to the Israeli bar association.

As such, even if the intern agrees to work without pay or for partial pay, this is interpreted as exploitation of the distress of the weak by the employer and not as an insincere action by the employee.
Furthermore, and on the other hand it would be insincere action on the part of the employer to imply or suggest that an employee work for free or at a reduced rate and even if he were presented with such a suggestion from the employee, he should turn it down completely.

It is a given that the wording of the law will not accept a “waiver” of basic employee rights, as minimum wage, even if implied, suggested or agreed upon. It has no consequence whether it is an oral or written agreement or even an understanding or implication because the employee didn’t complain about not receiving pay or receiving less than minimum wages.
It also does not matter whether this was done before, during or after employment.

The court rejected the appeal and charged the employer with the court fees as well.